Tinha configurado um usuário para usar em vez de root. Estava funcionando bem e dandy até que comecei a brincar com as configurações do usuário. Agora todos os usuários (além do root) trabalharam. Não é possível fazer o login (ssh) com outros usuários, mesmo depois de adicioná-los ao grupo admin / root. Não é possível fazer o ftp com esses usuários (usando o vsftpd).
Eu removi o usuário e limpei a entrada no arquivo / etc / shadow que estava me impedindo de alterar a senha do usuário. Eu adicionei o usuário novamente usando o seguinte comando:
useradd -d /path/to/home -s /path/to/shell -g admin username
Então mudei a senha, que funcionou. Desde então, tentei trocar de usuário (su - username) e encontrei a seguinte entrada no /var/log/auth.log
Feb 15 09:37:55 myserve su[26682]: Successful su for username by root
Feb 15 09:37:55 myserve su[26682]: + /dev/pts/0 root:username
Feb 15 09:37:55 myserve su[26682]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user username by root(uid=0)
Feb 15 09:37:55 myserve su[26682]: pam_unix(su:session): session closed for user username
Posso ver que o problema parece ser um problema do PAM, mas não sei como administrar o PAM. Eu acho que pode ter bloqueado esse nome de usuário. Eu realmente quero usar esse nome de usuário (não tenho que criar um novo nome), mas, se é isso que acontece, eu farei isso.
Eu tenho outro nome de usuário que eu também não posso su. O mesmo erro aparece no auth.log
Na verdade, na revisão, estou descobrindo que nenhum dos meus usuários, além do root, pode acessar o sistema.
ATUALIZAÇÃO: incluir detalhes do PAM
ls -l de /etc/pam.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 197 2009-11-23 15:11 atd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 384 2011-02-21 00:10 chfn
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92 2011-02-21 00:10 chpasswd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 581 2011-02-21 00:10 chsh
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1208 2011-05-10 07:17 common-account
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1221 2011-05-10 07:17 common-auth
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1440 2011-05-10 07:17 common-password
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1156 2011-05-10 07:17 common-session
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1154 2011-05-10 07:17 common-session-noninteractive
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 531 2011-01-05 10:23 cron
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 81 2010-11-17 17:58 dovecot
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4585 2011-02-21 00:10 login
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92 2011-02-21 00:10 newusers
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 520 2011-04-14 16:40 other
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92 2011-02-21 00:10 passwd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 145 2010-12-14 17:08 pop3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 168 2011-02-04 08:41 ppp
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1272 2010-04-07 02:50 sshd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2305 2011-02-21 00:10 su
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 119 2011-04-15 16:02 sudo
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 92 2013-01-19 22:51 vsftpd
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 139 2013-01-19 22:33 vsftpd.bak
Também adicionei o usuário ao grupo sshd e root, mas ainda não consigo fazer login como esse usuário. O erro foi alterado:
Feb 15 14:11:51 myserve sshd[5433]: Accepted password for username from 81.56.236.66 port 56851 ssh2
Feb 15 14:11:51 myserve sshd[5433]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user username by (uid=0)
Feb 15 14:11:52 myserve sshd[5447]: Received disconnect from 81.56.236.66: 11: disconnected by user
Feb 15 14:11:52 myserve sshd[5433]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user username
Conteúdo completo de todos os arquivos em pam.d
File: /etc/pam.d/atd
#
# The PAM configuration file for the at daemon
#
auth required pam_env.so
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session-noninteractive
session required pam_limits.so
File: /etc/pam.d/chfn
#
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow `chfn' service
#
# This allows root to change user infomation without being
# prompted for a password
auth sufficient pam_rootok.so
# The standard Unix authentication modules, used with
# NIS (man nsswitch) as well as normal /etc/passwd and
# /etc/shadow entries.
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session
File: /etc/pam.d/chpasswd
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow 'chpasswd' service
#
@include common-password
File: /etc/pam.d/chsh
#
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow `chsh' service
#
# This will not allow a user to change their shell unless
# their current one is listed in /etc/shells. This keeps
# accounts with special shells from changing them.
auth required pam_shells.so
# This allows root to change user shell without being
# prompted for a password
auth sufficient pam_rootok.so
# The standard Unix authentication modules, used with
# NIS (man nsswitch) as well as normal /etc/passwd and
# /etc/shadow entries.
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session
File: /etc/pam.d/common-account
#
# /etc/pam.d/common-account - authorization settings common to all services
#
# This file is included from other service-specific PAM config files,
# and should contain a list of the authorization modules that define
# the central access policy for use on the system. The default is to
# only deny service to users whose accounts are expired in /etc/shadow.
#
# As of pam 1.0.1-6, this file is managed by pam-auth-update by default.
# To take advantage of this, it is recommended that you configure any
# local modules either before or after the default block, and use
# pam-auth-update to manage selection of other modules. See
# pam-auth-update(8) for details.
#
# here are the per-package modules (the "Primary" block)
account [success=1 new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
# here's the fallback if no module succeeds
account requisite pam_deny.so
# prime the stack with a positive return value if there isn't one already;
# this avoids us returning an error just because nothing sets a success code
# since the modules above will each just jump around
account required pam_permit.so
# and here are more per-package modules (the "Additional" block)
# end of pam-auth-update config
File: /etc/pam.d/common-auth
#
# /etc/pam.d/common-auth - authentication settings common to all services
#
# This file is included from other service-specific PAM config files,
# and should contain a list of the authentication modules that define
# the central authentication scheme for use on the system
# (e.g., /etc/shadow, LDAP, Kerberos, etc.). The default is to use the
# traditional Unix authentication mechanisms.
#
# As of pam 1.0.1-6, this file is managed by pam-auth-update by default.
# To take advantage of this, it is recommended that you configure any
# local modules either before or after the default block, and use
# pam-auth-update to manage selection of other modules. See
# pam-auth-update(8) for details.
# here are the per-package modules (the "Primary" block)
auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok_secure
# here's the fallback if no module succeeds
auth requisite pam_deny.so
# prime the stack with a positive return value if there isn't one already;
# this avoids us returning an error just because nothing sets a success code
# since the modules above will each just jump around
auth required pam_permit.so
# and here are more per-package modules (the "Additional" block)
# end of pam-auth-update config
File: /etc/pam.d/common-password
#
# /etc/pam.d/common-password - password-related modules common to all services
#
# This file is included from other service-specific PAM config files,
# and should contain a list of modules that define the services to be
# used to change user passwords. The default is pam_unix.
# Explanation of pam_unix options:
#
# The "sha512" option enables salted SHA512 passwords. Without this option,
# the default is Unix crypt. Prior releases used the option "md5".
#
# The "obscure" option replaces the old `OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB' option in
# login.defs.
#
# See the pam_unix manpage for other options.
# As of pam 1.0.1-6, this file is managed by pam-auth-update by default.
# To take advantage of this, it is recommended that you configure any
# local modules either before or after the default block, and use
# pam-auth-update to manage selection of other modules. See
# pam-auth-update(8) for details.
# here are the per-package modules (the "Primary" block)
password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure sha512
# here's the fallback if no module succeeds
password requisite pam_deny.so
# prime the stack with a positive return value if there isn't one already;
# this avoids us returning an error just because nothing sets a success code
# since the modules above will each just jump around
password required pam_permit.so
# and here are more per-package modules (the "Additional" block)
# end of pam-auth-update config
File: /etc/pam.d/common-session
#
# /etc/pam.d/common-session - session-related modules common to all services
#
# This file is included from other service-specific PAM config files,
# and should contain a list of modules that define tasks to be performed
# at the start and end of sessions of *any* kind (both interactive and
# non-interactive).
#
# As of pam 1.0.1-6, this file is managed by pam-auth-update by default.
# To take advantage of this, it is recommended that you configure any
# local modules either before or after the default block, and use
# pam-auth-update to manage selection of other modules. See
# pam-auth-update(8) for details.
# here are the per-package modules (the "Primary" block)
session [default=1] pam_permit.so
# here's the fallback if no module succeeds
session requisite pam_deny.so
# prime the stack with a positive return value if there isn't one already;
# this avoids us returning an error just because nothing sets a success code
# since the modules above will each just jump around
session required pam_permit.so
# and here are more per-package modules (the "Additional" block)
session required pam_unix.so
# end of pam-auth-update config
File: /etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive
#
# /etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive - session-related modules
# common to all non-interactive services
#
# This file is included from other service-specific PAM config files,
# and should contain a list of modules that define tasks to be performed
# at the start and end of all non-interactive sessions.
#
# As of pam 1.0.1-6, this file is managed by pam-auth-update by default.
# To take advantage of this, it is recommended that you configure any
# local modules either before or after the default block, and use
# pam-auth-update to manage selection of other modules. See
# pam-auth-update(8) for details.
# here are the per-package modules (the "Primary" block)
session [default=1] pam_permit.so
# here's the fallback if no module succeeds
session requisite pam_deny.so
# prime the stack with a positive return value if there isn't one already;
# this avoids us returning an error just because nothing sets a success code
# since the modules above will each just jump around
session required pam_permit.so
# and here are more per-package modules (the "Additional" block)
session required pam_unix.so
# end of pam-auth-update config
File: /etc/pam.d/cron
#
# The PAM configuration file for the cron daemon
#
@include common-auth
# Read environment variables from pam_env's default files, /etc/environment
# and /etc/security/pam_env.conf.
session required pam_env.so
# In addition, read system locale information
session required pam_env.so envfile=/etc/default/locale
@include common-account
@include common-session-noninteractive
# Sets up user limits, please define limits for cron tasks
# through /etc/security/limits.conf
session required pam_limits.so
File: /etc/pam.d/dovecot
#%PAM-1.0
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session
File: /etc/pam.d/login
#
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow `login' service
#
# Enforce a minimal delay in case of failure (in microseconds).
# (Replaces the `FAIL_DELAY' setting from login.defs)
# Note that other modules may require another minimal delay. (for example,
# to disable any delay, you should add the nodelay option to pam_unix)
auth optional pam_faildelay.so delay=3000000
# Outputs an issue file prior to each login prompt (Replaces the
# ISSUE_FILE option from login.defs). Uncomment for use
# auth required pam_issue.so issue=/etc/issue
# Disallows root logins except on tty's listed in /etc/securetty
# (Replaces the `CONSOLE' setting from login.defs)
#
# With the default control of this module:
# [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore user_unknown=bad default=die]
# root will not be prompted for a password on insecure lines.
# if an invalid username is entered, a password is prompted (but login
# will eventually be rejected)
#
# You can change it to a "requisite" module if you think root may mis-type
# her login and should not be prompted for a password in that case. But
# this will leave the system as vulnerable to user enumeration attacks.
#
# You can change it to a "required" module if you think it permits to
# guess valid user names of your system (invalid user names are considered
# as possibly being root on insecure lines), but root passwords may be
# communicated over insecure lines.
auth [success=ok new_authtok_reqd=ok ignore=ignore user_unknown=bad default=die] pam_securetty.so
# Disallows other than root logins when /etc/nologin exists
# (Replaces the `NOLOGINS_FILE' option from login.defs)
auth requisite pam_nologin.so
# SELinux needs to be the first session rule. This ensures that any
# lingering context has been cleared. Without out this it is possible
# that a module could execute code in the wrong domain.
# When the module is present, "required" would be sufficient (When SELinux
# is disabled, this returns success.)
session [success=ok ignore=ignore module_unknown=ignore default=bad] pam_selinux.so close
# This module parses environment configuration file(s)
# and also allows you to use an extended config
# file /etc/security/pam_env.conf.
#
# parsing /etc/environment needs "readenv=1"
session required pam_env.so readenv=1
# locale variables are also kept into /etc/default/locale in etch
# reading this file *in addition to /etc/environment* does not hurt
session required pam_env.so readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale
# Standard Un*x authentication.
@include common-auth
# This allows certain extra groups to be granted to a user
# based on things like time of day, tty, service, and user.
# Please edit /etc/security/group.conf to fit your needs
# (Replaces the `CONSOLE_GROUPS' option in login.defs)
auth optional pam_group.so
# Uncomment and edit /etc/security/time.conf if you need to set
# time restrainst on logins.
# (Replaces the `PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB' option from login.defs
# as well as /etc/porttime)
# account requisite pam_time.so
# Uncomment and edit /etc/security/access.conf if you need to
# set access limits.
# (Replaces /etc/login.access file)
# account required pam_access.so
# Sets up user limits according to /etc/security/limits.conf
# (Replaces the use of /etc/limits in old login)
session required pam_limits.so
# Prints the last login info upon succesful login
# (Replaces the `LASTLOG_ENAB' option from login.defs)
session optional pam_lastlog.so
# Prints the motd upon succesful login
# (Replaces the `MOTD_FILE' option in login.defs)
session optional pam_motd.so
# Prints the status of the user's mailbox upon succesful login
# (Replaces the `MAIL_CHECK_ENAB' option from login.defs).
#
# This also defines the MAIL environment variable
# However, userdel also needs MAIL_DIR and MAIL_FILE variables
# in /etc/login.defs to make sure that removing a user
# also removes the user's mail spool file.
# See comments in /etc/login.defs
session optional pam_mail.so standard
# Standard Un*x account and session
@include common-account
@include common-session
@include common-password
# SELinux needs to intervene at login time to ensure that the process
# starts in the proper default security context. Only sessions which are
# intended to run in the user's context should be run after this.
session [success=ok ignore=ignore module_unknown=ignore default=bad] pam_selinux.so open
# When the module is present, "required" would be sufficient (When SELinux
# is disabled, this returns success.)
File: /etc/pam.d/newusers
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow 'newusers' service
#
@include common-password
File: /etc/pam.d/other
#
# /etc/pam.d/other - specify the PAM fallback behaviour
#
# Note that this file is used for any unspecified service; for example
#if /etc/pam.d/cron specifies no session modules but cron calls
#pam_open_session, the session module out of /etc/pam.d/other is
#used. If you really want nothing to happen then use pam_permit.so or
#pam_deny.so as appropriate.
# We fall back to the system default in /etc/pam.d/common-*
#
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-password
@include common-session
File: /etc/pam.d/passwd
#
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow `passwd' service
#
@include common-password
File: /etc/pam.d/pop3
# PAM configuration file for Courier POP3 daemon
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-password
@include common-session
File: /etc/pam.d/ppp
#%PAM-1.0
# Information for the PPPD process with the 'login' option.
auth required pam_nologin.so
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session
File: /etc/pam.d/sshd
# PAM configuration for the Secure Shell service
# Read environment variables from /etc/environment and
# /etc/security/pam_env.conf.
auth required pam_env.so # [1]
# In Debian 4.0 (etch), locale-related environment variables were moved to
# /etc/default/locale, so read that as well.
auth required pam_env.so envfile=/etc/default/locale
# Standard Un*x authentication.
@include common-auth
# Disallow non-root logins when /etc/nologin exists.
account required pam_nologin.so
# Uncomment and edit /etc/security/access.conf if you need to set complex
# access limits that are hard to express in sshd_config.
# account required pam_access.so
# Standard Un*x authorization.
@include common-account
# Standard Un*x session setup and teardown.
@include common-session
# Print the message of the day upon successful login.
session optional pam_motd.so # [1]
# Print the status of the user's mailbox upon successful login.
session optional pam_mail.so standard noenv # [1]
# Set up user limits from /etc/security/limits.conf.
session required pam_limits.so
# Set up SELinux capabilities (need modified pam)
# session required pam_selinux.so multiple
# Standard Un*x password updating.
@include common-password
File: /etc/pam.d/su
#
# The PAM configuration file for the Shadow `su' service
#
# This allows root to su without passwords (normal operation)
auth sufficient pam_rootok.so
# Uncomment this to force users to be a member of group root
# before they can use `su'. You can also add "group=foo"
# to the end of this line if you want to use a group other
# than the default "root" (but this may have side effect of
# denying "root" user, unless she's a member of "foo" or explicitly
# permitted earlier by e.g. "sufficient pam_rootok.so").
# (Replaces the `SU_WHEEL_ONLY' option from login.defs)
# auth required pam_wheel.so
# Uncomment this if you want wheel members to be able to
# su without a password.
# auth sufficient pam_wheel.so trust
# Uncomment this if you want members of a specific group to not
# be allowed to use su at all.
# auth required pam_wheel.so deny group=nosu
# Uncomment and edit /etc/security/time.conf if you need to set
# time restrainst on su usage.
# (Replaces the `PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB' option from login.defs
# as well as /etc/porttime)
# account requisite pam_time.so
# This module parses environment configuration file(s)
# and also allows you to use an extended config
# file /etc/security/pam_env.conf.
#
# parsing /etc/environment needs "readenv=1"
session required pam_env.so readenv=1
# locale variables are also kept into /etc/default/locale in etch
# reading this file *in addition to /etc/environment* does not hurt
session required pam_env.so readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale
# Defines the MAIL environment variable
# However, userdel also needs MAIL_DIR and MAIL_FILE variables
# in /etc/login.defs to make sure that removing a user
# also removes the user's mail spool file.
# See comments in /etc/login.defs
#
# "nopen" stands to avoid reporting new mail when su'ing to another user
session optional pam_mail.so nopen
# Sets up user limits, please uncomment and read /etc/security/limits.conf
# to enable this functionality.
# (Replaces the use of /etc/limits in old login)
# session required pam_limits.so
# The standard Unix authentication modules, used with
# NIS (man nsswitch) as well as normal /etc/passwd and
# /etc/shadow entries.
@include common-auth
@include common-account
@include common-session
File: /etc/pam.d/sudo
#%PAM-1.0
@include common-auth
@include common-account
session required pam_permit.so
session required pam_limits.so
File: /etc/pam.d/vsftpd
auth required pam_pwdfile.so pwdfile /etc/vsftpd/ftpd.passwd
account required pam_permit.so
File: /etc/pam.d/vsftpd.bak
auth required pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login crypt=hash
account required pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd_login crypt=hash
ls -l) e conteúdo. Qual é o seu linux?for a in /etc/pam.d/*;do echo "File: $a"; cat $a;doneRespostas:
Resposta curta:
Seu comando estava incorreto:
Usar
para criar um usuário normal.
Tady postou algumas informações no chat:
"O formato do arquivo passwd é bastante normal."
Sim, é verdade. E o formato é informalmente descrito aqui: Wikipedia: Passwd (arquivo) ; ou, mais normativo,
man 5 passwd(do Ubuntu)Veja um exemplo:
Wiki decodifica como:
Então, jmsith tem diretório home
/home/jsmithe programa shell/bin/shque é shell legal (todos os shells legais estão listados no arquivo/etc/shells). Verificaman shells, diz:No meu Linux
/bin/falsenão está listado aqui como shell válido.De acordo com a citação do seu passwd, tady e squarepeg tem o diretório home
/var/wwwe/bin/falseé o seu programa shell. Quando eles fazem login, o shell é iniciado; após o término do shell, a sessão é fechada./bin/falseé um programa unix simples que ... sai em pouco tempo Wikipedia: Falso (Unix) ou apenas pense nisso comomain(){return 1;}).O shell normal é o programa interativo que lê a entrada do usuário e a executa em loop infinito. Shell é iniciado quando você faz
sshpara o computador. E você não pode usar ftp para usuários que tem/bin/falseConcha.PS: Se você quiser proibir alguém de usar o ssh, mas permitir que eles usem o vsftpd, existem hacks
/etc/pam.d/vsftpdArquivo: http://linux-tips.org/article/70/users-with-bin-false-shell-to-login-on-vsftpd/bin/falsea lista de conchas válidas: http://www.linuxexpert.ro/Linux-Tutorials/setup-vsftp-with-no-shell-access.htmlfonte