Como posso obter o nome do sistema operacional de maneira confiável?

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$ lsb_release -ic    
Distributor ID: LinuxMint
Codename:       debian

Novell SUSE         /etc/SUSE-release
Red Hat             /etc/redhat-release, /etc/redhat_version
Fedora              /etc/fedora-release
Slackware           /etc/slackware-release, /etc/slackware-version
Debian              /etc/debian_release, /etc/debian_version,
Mandrake            /etc/mandrake-release
Yellow dog          /etc/yellowdog-release
Sun JDS             /etc/sun-release
Solaris/Sparc       /etc/release
Gentoo              /etc/gentoo-release
UnitedLinux         /etc/UnitedLinux-release
ubuntu              /etc/lsb-release

#!/bin/sh
# Detects which OS and if it is Linux then it will detect which Linux
# Distribution.

OS=`uname -s`
REV=`uname -r`
MACH=`uname -m`

GetVersionFromFile()
{
    VERSION=`cat $1 | tr "\n" ' ' | sed s/.*VERSION.*=\ // `
}

if [ "${OS}" = "SunOS" ] ; then
    OS=Solaris
    ARCH=`uname -p` 
    OSSTR="${OS} ${REV}(${ARCH} `uname -v`)"
elif [ "${OS}" = "AIX" ] ; then
    OSSTR="${OS} `oslevel` (`oslevel -r`)"
elif [ "${OS}" = "Linux" ] ; then
    KERNEL=`uname -r`
    if [ -f /etc/redhat-release ] ; then
        DIST='RedHat'
        PSUEDONAME=`cat /etc/redhat-release | sed s/.*\(// | sed s/\)//`
        REV=`cat /etc/redhat-release | sed s/.*release\ // | sed s/\ .*//`
    elif [ -f /etc/SuSE-release ] ; then
        DIST=`cat /etc/SuSE-release | tr "\n" ' '| sed s/VERSION.*//`
        REV=`cat /etc/SuSE-release | tr "\n" ' ' | sed s/.*=\ //`
    elif [ -f /etc/mandrake-release ] ; then
        DIST='Mandrake'
        PSUEDONAME=`cat /etc/mandrake-release | sed s/.*\(// | sed s/\)//`
        REV=`cat /etc/mandrake-release | sed s/.*release\ // | sed s/\ .*//`
    elif [ -f /etc/debian_version ] ; then
        DIST="Debian `cat /etc/debian_version`"
        REV=""

    fi
    if [ -f /etc/UnitedLinux-release ] ; then
        DIST="${DIST}[`cat /etc/UnitedLinux-release | tr "\n" ' ' | sed s/VERSION.*//`]"
    fi

    OSSTR="${OS} ${DIST} ${REV}(${PSUEDONAME} ${KERNEL} ${MACH})"

fi

echo ${OSSTR}

# Determine OS platform
UNAME=$(uname | tr "[:upper:]" "[:lower:]")
# If Linux, try to determine specific distribution
if [ "$UNAME" == "linux" ]; then
    # If available, use LSB to identify distribution
    if [ -f /etc/lsb-release -o -d /etc/lsb-release.d ]; then
        export DISTRO=$(lsb_release -i | cut -d: -f2 | sed s/'^\t'//)
    # Otherwise, use release info file
    else
        export DISTRO=$(ls -d /etc/[A-Za-z]*[_-][rv]e[lr]* | grep -v "lsb" | cut -d'/' -f3 | cut -d'-' -f1 | cut -d'_' -f1)
    fi
fi
# For everything else (or if above failed), just use generic identifier
[ "$DISTRO" == "" ] && export DISTRO=$UNAME
unset UNAME

$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 4.5.1 20100924 (Red Hat 4.5.1-4)
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 4.1.2 20080704 (Red Hat 4.1.2-54)
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

$ gcc --version
gcc (GCC) 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-3)
Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

$ gcc --version
gcc (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.6.3-1ubuntu5) 4.6.3
Copyright (C) 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Hi Rob,

I hope you don't mind me contacting you directly but I found your info here: 
https://en.opensuse.org/User:Rjschwei. I participate on one of the StackExchange 
sites, Unix & Linux and a question recently came up regarding the best option 
for determining the underlying OS.

http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/92199/how-can-i-reliably-get-the-operating-systems-name/92218?noredirect=1#comment140840_92218

In my answer I suggested using lsb_release, but one of the other users mentioned 
that this command wasn't installed as part of SLES11 which kind of surprised me. 
Anyway we were looking for some way to confirm whether this was intentionally 
dropped from SLES or it was accidental.

Would you know how we could go about confirming this one way or another?

Thanks for reading this, appreciate any help and/or guidance on this.

-Sam Mingolelli
http://unix.stackexchange.com/users/7453/slm

Hi,

On 10/01/2013 09:31 AM, Sam Mingo wrote:
- show quoted text -

lsb_release was not dropped in SLES 11. SLES 11 is LSB certified. However, it 
is not installed by default, which is consistent with pretty much every other
distribution. The lsb_release command is part of the lsb-release package.

At present almost every distribution has an entry in /etc such as 
/etc/SuSE-release for SLES and openSUSE. Since this is difficult for ISVs and 
others there is a standardization effort going on driven by the convergence to 
systemd. The standard location for distribution information in the future will 
be /etc/os-release, although Ubuntu will probably do something different.

HTH,    
Robert

--  Robert Schweikert                           MAY THE SOURCE BE WITH YOU    
SUSE-IBM Software Integration Center                   LINUX    
Tech Lead    
Public Cloud Architect 

/etc/debian_version
/etc/gentoo-release
/etc/fedora-release
/etc/mandriva-release
/etc/mandrake-release
/etc/meego-release
/etc/arch-release
/etc/oracle-release
/etc/enterprise-release
/etc/ovs-release
/etc/vmware-release
/etc/redhat-release
/etc/SuSE-release
/etc/bluewhite64-version
/etc/slamd64-version
/etc/slackware-version
/etc/alpine-release
/etc/system-release
/etc/centos-release

python -c "import platform;print(platform.linux_distribution()[0])"

$ cat /etc/issue
Debian GNU/Linux 7 \n \l

$ 

for f in $(find /etc -type f -maxdepth 1 $ ! -wholename /etc/os-release ! -wholename /etc/lsb-release -wholename /etc/\*release -o -wholename /etc/\*version $ 2> /dev/null); do echo ${f:5:${#f}-13}; done;

if which lsb_release &>> /dev/null; then
    lsb_release -a
elif [ -r /etc/issue ]; then
    cat /etc/issue
else
    ls /etc/ | grep -e '[_-]release$' -e '[_-]version$' | xargs -I % -n 1 cat /etc/%
fi

snmpwalk -Os -c <snmp community string> -v1 <hostname> sysDescr.0

$ cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="18.10 (Cosmic Cuttlefish)"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 18.10"
VERSION_ID="18.10"
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
VERSION_CODENAME=cosmic
UBUNTU_CODENAME=cosmic

Como posso obter o nome do sistema operacional de maneira confiável?

Respostas:

História do LSB

Links úteis relacionados ao LSB

Críticas

Novell

Máfia do Linux

Script de espaço para as pernas

gcc

TL; DR;

ATUALIZAÇÃO # 1: Acompanhamento do SuSE